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Term pack

Year 10 Science

Name: ________________________

Skills in this pack

  • The cell and what is inside it
  • Plant and animal tissues
  • Reproduction: how life continues
  • Diversity and classification
  • Mixtures, concentration and separation
  • Inside the atom
  • How atoms combine, and what a molecule weighs
  • Distance, displacement, speed and velocity
  • Motion graphs and the kinematic equations
  • Force and Newton's three laws
  • Work, energy and power
  • Sound waves

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Year 10 Science · 1 of 12

The cell and what is inside it

Name the parts of a plant and an animal cell and say what each does, tell a prokaryotic cell from a eukaryotic one, and use osmosis to explain what happens to a cell in salty water.

Before you start

The parts of a cell, each one named.

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  1. 1. The round body with a smaller body inside it — the nucleus
  2. 2. The rod with folded lines inside — a mitochondrion
  3. 3. The large clear space — the vacuole
  4. 4. The stack of folded sheets — the endoplasmic reticulum

The outline round the whole thing is the cell membrane. On a plant cell there would be a stiffer layer of cellulose outside it again, and green ovals of chloroplast among the organelles.

  1. 1.Energy released in the mitochondria is stored in a molecule known by three letters. Which three?

  2. 2.Sort each feature by the kind of cell it belongs to.

    Groups: Prokaryotic cell · Eukaryotic cell

    • Genetic material in a bare nucleoid
    • A typical width of 10 to 100 micrometres
    • Membrane-bound nucleus
    • A typical width of 1 to 10 micrometres
    • Membrane-bound organelles

  3. 3.What is a plant cell wall built mainly from?

    • a) Protein
    • b) Cellulose
    • c) Starch
    • d) Lipid

  4. 4.A Rhoeo leaf peel is mounted in a strong sugar solution. Its cells lose water, yet the outline of each cell stays the same shape. What accounts for that?

    • a) Plant cells cannot lose water through their membranes
    • b) The chloroplasts stiffen and hold the cell out
    • c) The vacuole refills from the sugar solution as fast as water leaves
    • d) The rigid cell wall holds the outer shape while the membrane pulls inwards

  5. 5.What is the one-word name for the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane?

  6. 6.A parent cell divides by mitosis. What comes out of it?

    • a) Two daughter cells with half the parent's chromosome number
    • b) Two daughter cells with the parent's chromosome number, genetically identical to it
    • c) Four daughter cells genetically identical to the parent
    • d) Four daughter cells with half the parent's chromosome number

  7. 7.Tap the part of this cell that holds the chromosomes.

    Write the number of the part.

    1234

  8. 8.Put the journey of a protein that is going to be secreted into order, starting from A ribosome on the rough endoplasmic reticulum makes the protein.

    • The Golgi apparatus packs it into a vesicle
    • The Golgi apparatus modifies and sorts it
    • A ribosome on the rough endoplasmic reticulum makes the protein
    • The rough endoplasmic reticulum passes it on
    • The vesicle carries it out to the cell membrane

The cell and what is inside it · Year 10 Science · www.arenapublications.com/learn

Year 10 Science · 2 of 12

Plant and animal tissues

Name the three meristems and the permanent tissues they become, match each plant and animal tissue to its job, and tell the joints and muscle types apart by what they do.

Before you start

Three simple permanent tissues, side by side and each one named.

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  1. 1. Thin walls the whole way round — parenchyma
  2. 2. Corners thickened with pectin — collenchyma
  3. 3. Thick lignified walls — sclerenchyma

Parenchyma is alive and stores food. Collenchyma is alive and bends. Sclerenchyma is mostly dead cells, and it is what makes a coconut husk hard.

  1. 1.Sort each type of muscle by whether we control it.

    Groups: Moves when we choose · Moves without our choosing

    • Cardiac muscle
    • Smooth muscle
    • Skeletal muscle

  2. 2.How many pairs of ribs make up the human rib cage? Answer with a number.

  3. 3.Which simple permanent tissue has thick walls stiffened with lignin and is made mostly of dead cells?

    • a) Collenchyma
    • b) Sclerenchyma
    • c) Epidermis
    • d) Parenchyma

  4. 4.What are the pores in a leaf's epidermis called? Give the one word.

  5. 5.Two onion bulbs grow roots in water. On day 3 one bulb's root tips are cut off by about a centimetre. What happens over the days that follow?

    • a) The cut roots lengthen faster, having been pruned
    • b) Both sets of roots keep lengthening at the same rate
    • c) The uncut roots keep lengthening and the cut ones stop
    • d) Both sets of roots stop lengthening

  6. 6.Bone and cartilage are both connective tissues. What makes one hard and the other springy?

    • a) Cartilage has a rigid matrix and bone has a jelly-like one
    • b) Bone has a rigid matrix with calcium and phosphorus compounds; cartilage's matrix is soft and jelly-like
    • c) Bone has living cells and cartilage has none
    • d) Cartilage is a kind of muscle rather than a connective tissue

  7. 7.Which iron-rich protein in the red blood cells gives blood its colour? Give the one word.

  8. 8.What does a ligament join?

    • a) A muscle to another muscle
    • b) A muscle to a bone
    • c) A nerve to a muscle
    • d) One bone to another bone

Plant and animal tissues · Year 10 Science · www.arenapublications.com/learn

Year 10 Science · 3 of 12

Reproduction: how life continues

Tell asexual reproduction from sexual, name the parts of a flower and follow pollen through to a seed, and describe fertilisation and the reproductive cycle in animals and humans.

Before you start

The parts of a flower, each one named.

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  1. 1. The green flap at the base — a sepal
  2. 2. The broad flap sweeping out to the side — a petal
  3. 3. The small sac on the end of the slender stalk — the anther of a stamen
  4. 4. The flattened cap on top of the central column — the stigma
  5. 5. The thin central column — the style
  6. 6. The rounded swelling at the base of the column — the ovary

Sepals and petals are the two outer whorls. The stamen is the male part and the pistil — stigma, style and ovary together — is the female one.

  1. 1.An egg released at ovulation is not fertilised. What happens next in the cycle?

    • a) The egg implants in the uterus and pregnancy begins
    • b) The lining of the uterus thickens further and stays in place
    • c) The thickened lining of the uterus sheds, along with some blood
    • d) A second egg is released from the same ovary that day

  2. 2.A wheat plant makes huge numbers of small, light pollen grains and has a long feathery stigma. What is it pollinated by?

    • a) Insects such as bees and butterflies
    • b) Water currents
    • c) The wind
    • d) Birds such as sunbirds

  3. 3.A flower is fertilised. What becomes of the ovary?

    • a) It becomes the seed, while the ovules become the fruit
    • b) It falls away once the seeds are formed
    • c) It grows into the pollen tube
    • d) It enlarges and develops into the fruit

  4. 4.A frog lays thousands of eggs in a pond while a bird lays a handful in a nest. What does the chapter say about the two strategies?

    • a) The frog's fertilisation is internal and the bird's external
    • b) Both fertilise internally, and the difference lies in nest-building
    • c) Survival is the same in both; the frog simply lays more
    • d) The frog's fertilisation is external and survival is low; the bird's is internal and survival is better

  5. 5.Put the journey from pollination to seed in order, starting from Pollen lands on a stigma it is compatible with.

    • The male gamete travels down the tube to the ovule
    • Pollen lands on a stigma it is compatible with
    • The ovule becomes a seed while the ovary swells into a fruit
    • The pollen grain grows a pollen tube down through the style
    • It fuses with the egg cell, and the fertilised egg is a zygote

  6. 6.A gardener grows twenty plants from cuttings of one rose bush. How do the new plants compare with the parent?

    • a) They are genetically identical to it, because one parent and mitosis were involved
    • b) They vary from it, because cuttings mix genetic material from two parents
    • c) They vary, because meiosis takes place when a cutting roots
    • d) They are identical to each other but different from the parent

  7. 7.What is the one-word name for the transfer of pollen grains from a stamen to a stigma?

  8. 8.Tap the part of this flower that produces the pollen grains.

    Write the number of the part.

    123456

Reproduction: how life continues · Year 10 Science · www.arenapublications.com/learn

Year 10 Science · 4 of 12

Diversity and classification

Place an organism in one of the five kingdoms, run the hierarchy from kingdom down to species, and read and write a scientific name in the binomial system.

Before you start

The seven bands of the classification pyramid, each one named.

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  1. 1. Kingdom, the broadest group of the seven
  2. 2. Phylum
  3. 3. Class
  4. 4. Order
  5. 5. Family
  6. 6. Genus
  7. 7. Species, the narrowest group of the seven

Each band sits inside the one above it, and the organisms in it share more features than the organisms in the band above. It works like an address, narrowing from country down to house.

  1. 1.In 1977 Carl Woese proposed a system with three groups above the kingdoms. What are they?

    • a) Chordata, Non-chordata and Protochordata
    • b) Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya
    • c) Plantae, Animalia and Fungi
    • d) Monera, Protista and Fungi

  2. 2.What word describes a species found naturally in one region of the world and nowhere else? Give the one word.

  3. 3.Which of these is written according to the rules for a scientific name?

    • a) panthera Tigris, in italics
    • b) Panthera tigris, in italics
    • c) PANTHERA TIGRIS, in italics
    • d) Tigris panthera, in italics

  4. 4.This pyramid shows the seven levels of classification, the broadest at the top. Tap the band whose members share the most features with one another.

    Write the number of the part.

    1234567

  5. 5.Yeast is a single-celled organism, yet it is not placed in Protista. Why is it in Fungi?

    • a) It is multicellular under the microscope
    • b) It makes its own food by photosynthesis
    • c) Its cell wall is made of chitin
    • d) It is a prokaryote

  6. 6.Who introduced binomial nomenclature in the 18th century? Give the surname.

  7. 7.A geologist digs down through undisturbed rock layers. What does the chapter say she will generally find as she goes deeper?

    • a) Fossils of simpler organisms
    • b) Fossils of more complex organisms
    • c) The same organisms at each depth
    • d) No fossils at any depth

  8. 8.Why does the chapter say classification is worth the trouble?

    • a) It fixes the number of kingdoms once and for good
    • b) There are millions of organisms, and a system makes any of them findable and comparable
    • c) It gives each organism a name in the language of the country it lives in
    • d) It reduces the number of species that scientists have to study

Diversity and classification · Year 10 Science · www.arenapublications.com/learn

Year 10 Science · 5 of 12

Mixtures, concentration and separation

Tell solutions, suspensions and colloids apart, work out a concentration as a percentage, and choose the right method for pulling a given mixture apart.

Before you start

Three beakers, and what the laser beam does in each of them.

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  1. 1. Salt in water — the beam crosses unseen
  2. 2. Chalk powder in water — the beam shows, and the powder settles
  3. 3. Milk in water — the beam shows, and nothing settles

Shine the light in from the side and watch from a right angle. The path you can see is light being scattered off particles big enough to scatter it.

  1. 1.A black ink spot is put on a paper strip and the strip is dipped so the water level starts below the spot. The water rises and the spot spreads into several coloured bands. Why do the bands separate?

    • a) The heavier colours sink while the lighter ones rise
    • b) The paper reacts with each colour to make a new one
    • c) Water dissolves some colours and destroys the others
    • d) The components travel up the paper at different speeds

  2. 2.A mixture of crushed camphor and sand is heated gently under an inverted funnel, and a white solid appears on the inside of the funnel. What has happened?

    • a) The camphor turned straight to vapour and then back to solid, while the sand stayed put
    • b) The two solids reacted to make a new white compound
    • c) The sand melted and rose as a vapour, leaving the camphor behind
    • d) The camphor melted, boiled and then condensed as a liquid

  3. 3.Put the steps of growing copper sulfate crystals in order, starting from Warm the water with the solid, stirring, until no more will dissolve.

    • Filter off the crystals and rinse them with cold water
    • Cover the filtrate and leave it to cool slowly, undisturbed
    • Leave the crystals to dry on a watch glass
    • Warm the water with the solid, stirring, until no more will dissolve
    • Filter the hot saturated solution to take out insoluble impurities

  4. 4.25 mL of juice concentrate is made up with water to 250 mL of drink. What is the volume by volume percentage of concentrate? Answer with a number.

  5. 5.Muddy water stays cloudy after filtering. Powdered alum is stirred in and the water clears. What did the alum do?

    • a) Made the fine particles clump together into lumps heavy enough to settle
    • b) Dissolved the mud particles so they were no longer there
    • c) Turned the suspension into a true solution
    • d) Boiled off the water that was holding the mud up

  6. 6.Sort each description by the kind of mixture it belongs to.

    Groups: Solution · Colloid · Suspension

    • Lets a laser beam through with no visible path
    • Particles between 1 and 1000 nanometres
    • Particles smaller than 1 nanometre
    • Particles you can see, which settle when left alone
    • Scatters a light beam and yet stays evenly spread
    • Particles larger than 1000 nanometres

  7. 7.Match each separation method to the mixture it is meant for.

    • Distillation
    • Separating funnel
    • Sublimation
    • Paper chromatography
    • Centrifugation
    • A solid that sublimes mixed with one that does not
    • Heavier particles from a lighter liquid
    • Two immiscible liquids
    • The coloured components of an ink or a dye
    • Two miscible liquids with different boiling points

  8. 8.8 g of glucose is dissolved in water and made up to 200 mL of solution. What is the mass by volume percentage? Answer with a number.

Mixtures, concentration and separation · Year 10 Science · www.arenapublications.com/learn

Year 10 Science · 6 of 12

Inside the atom

Count protons, neutrons and electrons from an atomic number and a mass number, fill the shells and read off a valency, and say what makes two atoms isotopes.

Before you start

The parts of an atom, each one named.

1234
  1. 1. The centre
  2. 2. The nearest ring
  3. 3. The middle ring
  4. 4. The furthest ring

The centre is the nucleus, holding the protons and neutrons. The rings are the shells, filled from the inside out: K first, then L, then M.

  1. 1.This atom has electrons in three shells. Tap its valence shell.

    Write the number of the part.

    1234

  2. 2.Using the rule that a shell numbered n holds at most 2n² electrons, what is the greatest number the M shell, where n is 3, can hold? Answer with a number.

  3. 3.Oxygen's electronic configuration is 2, 6. What is its valency? Answer with a number.

  4. 4.An atom has 17 protons and 18 neutrons. What is its mass number? Answer with a number.

  5. 5.Nitrogen's electronic configuration is 2, 5. What is its valency? Answer with a number.

  6. 6.Two atoms have the same atomic number but different mass numbers. What are they called?

    • a) Ions of the same element
    • b) Isotopes of the same element
    • c) Two molecules of one compound
    • d) Two different elements

  7. 7.Which number decides which element an atom belongs to?

    • a) The number of protons in its nucleus
    • b) The number of neutrons in its nucleus
    • c) The number of shells its electrons occupy
    • d) The number of nucleons in its nucleus

  8. 8.Why do the isotopes of an element behave the same way chemically?

    • a) They have the same number of neutrons
    • b) They have the same number of electrons, arranged the same way
    • c) They have the same mass number
    • d) They have the same melting and boiling points

Inside the atom · Year 10 Science · www.arenapublications.com/learn

Year 10 Science · 7 of 12

How atoms combine, and what a molecule weighs

Use the laws of conservation of mass and of constant proportions, tell a covalent bond from an ionic one, write a formula by crossing over valencies, and add up a molecular or formula unit mass.

Before you start

A sodium atom beside a chlorine atom, with each shell named.

1234
  1. 1. Sodium's inner shells, holding 2 then 8 electrons
  2. 2. Sodium's valence shell, holding its single electron
  3. 3. Chlorine's inner shells, holding 2 then 8 electrons
  4. 4. Chlorine's valence shell, holding 7 electrons

Sodium has one electron more than a full inner arrangement; chlorine is one short of eight. Hand the electron across and both are satisfied — that is an ionic bond in one move.

  1. 1.Taking K as 39 u and Cl as 35.5 u, what is the formula unit mass of potassium chloride, KCl, in u? Answer with a number.

  2. 2.A reaction is carried out in a sealed flask on a balance. What does the Law of Conservation of Mass predict about the reading?

    • a) It falls, because some matter is used up
    • b) It rises, because new substances have been made
    • c) It is the same before and after the reaction
    • d) It cannot be predicted without knowing the products

  3. 3.Why is sodium chloride described by a formula unit mass rather than a molecular mass?

    • a) Its atoms share electrons instead of transferring them
    • b) Its formula has more than one kind of atom in it
    • c) Its ions form a crystal rather than separate molecules
    • d) It is too heavy for a molecular mass to be worked out

  4. 4.Hydrogen and oxygen combine to make water in the mass ratio 1 to 8. What mass of oxygen combines with 3 g of hydrogen, in g? Answer with a number.

  5. 5.Taking C as 12 u and O as 16 u, what is the molecular mass of carbon dioxide, CO2, in u? Answer with a number.

  6. 6.Taking H as 1 u, N as 14 u and O as 16 u, what is the molecular mass of nitric acid, HNO3, in u? Answer with a number.

  7. 7.Taking C as 12 u and H as 1 u, what is the molecular mass of methane, CH4, in u? Answer with a number.

  8. 8.Which of these describes a molecule, as the chapter defines it?

    • a) An electrically neutral group of more than one atom that can exist on its own
    • b) A charged particle formed when an atom gains an electron
    • c) The simplest whole-number ratio of ions in a crystal
    • d) A single atom of any element

How atoms combine, and what a molecule weighs · Year 10 Science · www.arenapublications.com/learn

Year 10 Science · 8 of 12

Distance, displacement, speed and velocity

Separate distance from displacement and speed from velocity, work out average speed, average velocity and average acceleration, and say what stays fixed in uniform circular motion.

Before you start

Slide along the track. The starting line sits at 0 and the far end at 100.

020406080100

Positions to the right of the starting line count as positive. A runner who goes out to 100 and comes back to 40 has covered a long path but ended up 40 from where she started.

  1. 1.A coach drives down a straight motorway at a steady 25 m/s for half an hour. What is its acceleration over that half hour?

    • a) 25 m/s², because that is how fast it is going
    • b) Large, because it covers a lot of ground
    • c) Impossible to tell without knowing the mass of the coach
    • d) Zero, because its velocity is not changing

  2. 2.Sort each quantity by whether stating it takes a direction as well as a number.

    Groups: Number on its own · Number and a direction

    • Total distance travelled
    • Displacement
    • Average speed
    • Average acceleration
    • Average velocity

  3. 3.A walker's displacement is 240 m due north, made in 60 s. What is the magnitude of his average velocity, in m/s? Answer with a number.

  4. 4.A child on a merry-go-round rides exactly once round the circle and stops where she got on. What is the magnitude of her displacement, in metres? Answer with a number.

  5. 5.A stone is dropped from a height. Put its speeds in order, starting from 0 m/s, at the instant it is released.

    • 0 m/s, at the instant it is released
    • 29.4 m/s, after three seconds
    • 9.8 m/s, one second later
    • 19.6 m/s, after two seconds

  6. 6.A train speeds up from 8 m/s to 20 m/s in 6 s. What is the magnitude of its average acceleration, in m/s²? Answer with a number.

  7. 7.A cyclist rides round a circular track at a steady 8 m/s. What is happening to her velocity?

    • a) Its magnitude keeps changing while its direction stays fixed
    • b) Both its direction and its magnitude stay fixed
    • c) Its direction keeps changing while its magnitude stays fixed
    • d) It falls to zero each time she completes a lap

  8. 8.A cyclist covers 300 m of path in 60 s. What is her average speed, in m/s? Answer with a number.

Distance, displacement, speed and velocity · Year 10 Science · www.arenapublications.com/learn

Year 10 Science · 9 of 12

Motion graphs and the kinematic equations

Read velocity off the slope of a position-time graph and displacement off the area under a velocity-time graph, and use v = u + at, s = ut + ½at² and v² = u² + 2as.

Before you start

The parts of a position-time graph, each one named.

123
  1. 1. The time axis, along the bottom
  2. 2. The position axis, up the side
  3. 3. The position-time line itself

This line is straight and sloping, so the object is covering equal ground in equal times. How steeply it climbs is how fast it is going.

  1. 1.A car is doing 12 m/s when the driver brakes at a steady −3 m/s² until it stops. Use v² = u² + 2as. How far does it travel while braking, in metres? Answer with a number.

  2. 2.A position-time graph comes out as a smooth curve rather than a straight line. What does that say about the motion?

    • a) The object moved along a curved path over the ground
    • b) The velocity is constant and the acceleration is zero
    • c) The velocity is changing, so the object is accelerating
    • d) The object is at rest at a fixed position

  3. 3.A cart starts from rest and accelerates steadily at 2 m/s² for 5 s. Use s = ut + ½at². How far does it travel, in metres? Answer with a number.

  4. 4.On a velocity-time graph, the line runs flat and parallel to the time axis. What is the acceleration?

    • a) Rising steadily with time
    • b) Constant and opposite to the direction of motion
    • c) Constant and along the direction of motion
    • d) Zero, because the velocity is not changing

  5. 5.Match each thing you can read off a motion graph to the quantity it gives.

    • The slope of a position-time line
    • The slope of a velocity-time line
    • The area under a velocity-time line
    • The average velocity
    • The displacement
    • The acceleration

  6. 6.When may the three kinematic equations be used?

    • a) For any motion whatsoever
    • b) When the acceleration stays constant through the motion
    • c) When the object is at rest
    • d) When the velocity stays constant through the motion

  7. 7.Put the steps for plotting a motion graph in order, starting by drawing two perpendicular axes and marking where they cross as the origin.

    • Decide which quantity goes along each axis
    • Plot a point for each pair of readings
    • Mark the values along each axis
    • Draw two perpendicular axes and mark where they cross as the origin
    • Join the plotted points to make the graph
    • Choose a scale for each axis

  8. 8.A child looks at a position-time graph whose line climbs steadily and says the object must have travelled uphill. What has she misread?

    • a) Nothing; a rising line does mean the object went uphill
    • b) The graph shows velocity up the side, not position
    • c) A rising line means the object was slowing down
    • d) The graph is not a route map — its rise shows position changing with time

Motion graphs and the kinematic equations · Year 10 Science · www.arenapublications.com/learn

Year 10 Science · 10 of 12

Force and Newton's three laws

Add forces to find the net force, use F = ma and F = mg, say what Newton's three laws claim, and treat two connected objects as one system.

Before you start

Two everyday situations, and the forces acting in each.

12
  1. 1. A box being pushed along a floor — your push one way, friction the other
  2. 2. A ball floating on water — gravity down, buoyancy up

In each case two forces oppose each other. If they match, nothing changes; if they do not, the leftover is the net force.

  1. 1.A 0.1 kg bullet has a force of 2 N on it. What is its acceleration, in m/s²? Answer with a number.

  2. 2.A block has 14 N acting on it to the right and 6 N to the left. What is the magnitude of the net force, in N? Answer with a number.

  3. 3.Boxes of 3 kg and 5 kg are joined by a string and pulled along a frictionless floor by a force of 16 N. What is the acceleration of the pair, in m/s²? Answer with a number.

  4. 4.A net force of 12 N acts on a 3 kg trolley. What is its acceleration, in m/s²? Answer with a number.

  5. 5.Two boxes joined by a string are pulled to the right by one force. Tap the place where the force acting is internal to the system, and so drops out when the two boxes are treated as one object.

    Write the number of the part.

    1234

  6. 6.What is the gravitational force the Earth exerts on a 5 kg bag, in N? Answer with a number.

  7. 7.Put a rocket launch in order as Newton's third law explains it, starting from The engine produces gas.

    • That upward push is larger than the weight of the rocket
    • The engine produces gas
    • The net upward force lifts the rocket off
    • The gas pushes back on the rocket with an equal upward force
    • The engine expels the gas downwards

  8. 8.Match each of Newton's laws to what it claims.

    • Newton's first law
    • Newton's second law
    • Newton's third law
    • The acceleration is the net force divided by the mass
    • A force on one object is met by an equal and opposite force on the other
    • An object keeps its rest or its constant velocity until a net force acts

Force and Newton's three laws · Year 10 Science · www.arenapublications.com/learn

Year 10 Science · 11 of 12

Work, energy and power

Work out work done, kinetic energy, potential energy and power, say when work is positive, negative or zero, and explain what a pulley, a ramp and a lever actually change.

Before you start

The parts of a lever, each one named.

1234
  1. 1. The load, the weight to be lifted
  2. 2. The fulcrum, the fixed point the bar turns about
  3. 3. The effort, the push you apply
  4. 4. The load arm, from the load to the fulcrum

Put the fulcrum close to the load and the effort arm becomes long. A small push over a long distance then lifts a large load through a short one.

  1. 1.Put the working of a slingshot in order, starting from The elastic band is pulled back, and work is done on it.

    • The band is let go and pushes on the stone
    • The band returns to the shape it started in
    • The stone gains kinetic energy and shoots forward
    • The stretched band holds that work as stored energy
    • The elastic band is pulled back, and work is done on it

  2. 2.A machine raises a load of 300 N when an effort of 100 N is applied. What is its mechanical advantage? Answer with a number.

  3. 3.A book of mass 2 kg is raised 1.5 m above the floor. Taking g as 10 m/s², what is its potential energy, in J? Answer with a number.

  4. 4.Sort each case by the work the named force does on the named object.

    Groups: Positive work done on the object · Negative work done on the object · No work done on the object

    • A goalkeeper stopping a moving ball
    • A boy pushing a wheelchair forward
    • A girl slowly lowering a dumbbell
    • A person pushing hard on a rigid wall
    • Friction acting on a sliding stack of coins

  5. 5.A force of 25 N moves a crate 4 m along the direction of the force. How much work is done on the crate, in J? Answer with a number.

  6. 6.Three simple machines are sketched below. Tap the one that changes the direction of the force you apply without reducing how large it has to be.

    Write the number of the part.

    123

  7. 7.A ball of mass 0.2 kg moves at 30 m/s. What is its kinetic energy, in J? Answer with a number.

  8. 8.A student pushes as hard as she can against a rigid wall for a minute and gets tired. How much work has she done on the wall?

    • a) None, because the wall did not move
    • b) It cannot be worked out without knowing her mass
    • c) A small amount, because the wall moved a tiny distance
    • d) A large amount, because she applied a large force

Work, energy and power · Year 10 Science · www.arenapublications.com/learn

Year 10 Science · 12 of 12

Sound waves

Say why sound needs a medium, use v = λν and ν = 1/T, work out an echo distance, and place a frequency in the infrasonic, audible or ultrasonic band.

Before you start

Two sound waves, drawn one above the other.

12
  1. 1. The quieter wave — a small change in density, so less energy
  2. 2. The louder wave — a large change in density, so more energy

The two waves rise and fall the same number of times across the page, so they share a wavelength and a frequency. What differs is how far the density swings from its average — the amplitude.

  1. 1.A wave has a time period of 0.02 s. What is its frequency, in Hz? Answer with a number.

  2. 2.Put the vacuum bell jar demonstration in order, starting from The bell is rung inside the jar and heard clearly.

    • Air is let back in and the sound returns to its old loudness
    • The bell is rung inside the jar and heard clearly
    • At near vacuum the bell can be seen ringing but barely heard
    • Air is pumped out and the sound grows fainter

  3. 3.A sound wave has a wavelength of 0.5 m and a frequency of 600 Hz. What is its speed, in m/s? Answer with a number.

  4. 4.A tuning fork is struck across the room. What reaches your ear?

    • a) The air particles that were next to the fork
    • b) Energy carried by the sound wave
    • c) Small pieces of the fork itself
    • d) A stream of compressed air from the fork

  5. 5.Sort each description by the band of frequency it belongs to.

    Groups: Infrasonic · Audible to humans · Ultrasonic

    • Between 20 hertz and 20 kilohertz
    • Above 20 kilohertz
    • Waves used to detect earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
    • Waves used to image internal organs without surgery
    • Below 20 hertz
    • Bursts a bat sends out to find its prey

  6. 6.You clap and hear the echo 0.6 s later. Taking the speed of sound as 340 m/s, how far away is the reflecting wall, in m? Answer with a number.

  7. 7.In a large hall a sound seems to hang in the air after the speaker has stopped. What is that called, and what causes it?

    • a) Resonance, from the hall matching the speaker's frequency
    • b) Reverberation, from repeated reflections arriving less than 0.05 s apart
    • c) An echo, from a single reflection arriving more than 0.1 s later
    • d) Refraction, from the sound bending round the pillars

  8. 8.A metal plate is struck harder than before. What changes in the sound wave it sends out?

    • a) Its speed is greater, so it carries more energy
    • b) Its time period is longer, so it carries more energy
    • c) Its wavelength is larger, so it carries more energy
    • d) Its amplitude is larger, so it carries more energy

Sound waves · Year 10 Science · www.arenapublications.com/learn

Answer keys — Year 10 Science

In the same order as the worksheets.

The cell and what is inside it

  1. 1. ATP
  2. 2. Genetic material in a bare nucleoid → Prokaryotic cell; A typical width of 1 to 10 micrometres → Prokaryotic cell; Membrane-bound organelles → Eukaryotic cell; Membrane-bound nucleus → Eukaryotic cell; A typical width of 10 to 100 micrometres → Eukaryotic cell
  3. 3. b) Cellulose
  4. 4. d) The rigid cell wall holds the outer shape while the membrane pulls inwards
  5. 5. osmosis
  6. 6. b) Two daughter cells with the parent's chromosome number, genetically identical to it
  7. 7. 1 — The round body with a smaller body inside it
  8. 8. 1. A ribosome on the rough endoplasmic reticulum makes the protein 2. The rough endoplasmic reticulum passes it on 3. The Golgi apparatus modifies and sorts it 4. The Golgi apparatus packs it into a vesicle 5. The vesicle carries it out to the cell membrane

Plant and animal tissues

  1. 1. Skeletal muscle → Moves when we choose; Smooth muscle → Moves without our choosing; Cardiac muscle → Moves without our choosing
  2. 2. 12
  3. 3. b) Sclerenchyma
  4. 4. stomata
  5. 5. c) The uncut roots keep lengthening and the cut ones stop
  6. 6. b) Bone has a rigid matrix with calcium and phosphorus compounds; cartilage's matrix is soft and jelly-like
  7. 7. haemoglobin
  8. 8. d) One bone to another bone

Reproduction: how life continues

  1. 1. c) The thickened lining of the uterus sheds, along with some blood
  2. 2. c) The wind
  3. 3. d) It enlarges and develops into the fruit
  4. 4. d) The frog's fertilisation is external and survival is low; the bird's is internal and survival is better
  5. 5. 1. Pollen lands on a stigma it is compatible with 2. The pollen grain grows a pollen tube down through the style 3. The male gamete travels down the tube to the ovule 4. It fuses with the egg cell, and the fertilised egg is a zygote 5. The ovule becomes a seed while the ovary swells into a fruit
  6. 6. a) They are genetically identical to it, because one parent and mitosis were involved
  7. 7. pollination
  8. 8. 3 — The small sac on the end of the slender stalk

Diversity and classification

  1. 1. b) Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya
  2. 2. endemic
  3. 3. b) Panthera tigris, in italics
  4. 4. 7 — The narrowest band, at the bottom
  5. 5. c) Its cell wall is made of chitin
  6. 6. Linnaeus
  7. 7. a) Fossils of simpler organisms
  8. 8. b) There are millions of organisms, and a system makes any of them findable and comparable

Mixtures, concentration and separation

  1. 1. d) The components travel up the paper at different speeds
  2. 2. a) The camphor turned straight to vapour and then back to solid, while the sand stayed put
  3. 3. 1. Warm the water with the solid, stirring, until no more will dissolve 2. Filter the hot saturated solution to take out insoluble impurities 3. Cover the filtrate and leave it to cool slowly, undisturbed 4. Filter off the crystals and rinse them with cold water 5. Leave the crystals to dry on a watch glass
  4. 4. 10
  5. 5. a) Made the fine particles clump together into lumps heavy enough to settle
  6. 6. Particles smaller than 1 nanometre → Solution; Lets a laser beam through with no visible path → Solution; Particles between 1 and 1000 nanometres → Colloid; Scatters a light beam and yet stays evenly spread → Colloid; Particles larger than 1000 nanometres → Suspension; Particles you can see, which settle when left alone → Suspension
  7. 7. Distillation → Two miscible liquids with different boiling points; Separating funnel → Two immiscible liquids; Sublimation → A solid that sublimes mixed with one that does not; Paper chromatography → The coloured components of an ink or a dye; Centrifugation → Heavier particles from a lighter liquid
  8. 8. 4

Inside the atom

  1. 1. 4 — The furthest ring
  2. 2. 18
  3. 3. 2
  4. 4. 35
  5. 5. 3
  6. 6. b) Isotopes of the same element
  7. 7. a) The number of protons in its nucleus
  8. 8. b) They have the same number of electrons, arranged the same way

How atoms combine, and what a molecule weighs

  1. 1. 74.5
  2. 2. c) It is the same before and after the reaction
  3. 3. c) Its ions form a crystal rather than separate molecules
  4. 4. 24
  5. 5. 44
  6. 6. 63
  7. 7. 16
  8. 8. a) An electrically neutral group of more than one atom that can exist on its own

Distance, displacement, speed and velocity

  1. 1. d) Zero, because its velocity is not changing
  2. 2. Total distance travelled → Number on its own; Average speed → Number on its own; Displacement → Number and a direction; Average velocity → Number and a direction; Average acceleration → Number and a direction
  3. 3. 4
  4. 4. 0
  5. 5. 1. 0 m/s, at the instant it is released 2. 9.8 m/s, one second later 3. 19.6 m/s, after two seconds 4. 29.4 m/s, after three seconds
  6. 6. 2
  7. 7. c) Its direction keeps changing while its magnitude stays fixed
  8. 8. 5

Motion graphs and the kinematic equations

  1. 1. 24
  2. 2. c) The velocity is changing, so the object is accelerating
  3. 3. 25
  4. 4. d) Zero, because the velocity is not changing
  5. 5. The slope of a position-time line → The average velocity; The slope of a velocity-time line → The acceleration; The area under a velocity-time line → The displacement
  6. 6. b) When the acceleration stays constant through the motion
  7. 7. 1. Draw two perpendicular axes and mark where they cross as the origin 2. Decide which quantity goes along each axis 3. Choose a scale for each axis 4. Mark the values along each axis 5. Plot a point for each pair of readings 6. Join the plotted points to make the graph
  8. 8. d) The graph is not a route map — its rise shows position changing with time

Force and Newton's three laws

  1. 1. 20
  2. 2. 8
  3. 3. 2
  4. 4. 4
  5. 5. 2 — The string joining the two boxes
  6. 6. 49
  7. 7. 1. The engine produces gas 2. The engine expels the gas downwards 3. The gas pushes back on the rocket with an equal upward force 4. That upward push is larger than the weight of the rocket 5. The net upward force lifts the rocket off
  8. 8. Newton's first law → An object keeps its rest or its constant velocity until a net force acts; Newton's second law → The acceleration is the net force divided by the mass; Newton's third law → A force on one object is met by an equal and opposite force on the other

Work, energy and power

  1. 1. 1. The elastic band is pulled back, and work is done on it 2. The stretched band holds that work as stored energy 3. The band is let go and pushes on the stone 4. The stone gains kinetic energy and shoots forward 5. The band returns to the shape it started in
  2. 2. 3
  3. 3. 30
  4. 4. A boy pushing a wheelchair forward → Positive work done on the object; A goalkeeper stopping a moving ball → Negative work done on the object; Friction acting on a sliding stack of coins → Negative work done on the object; A girl slowly lowering a dumbbell → Negative work done on the object; A person pushing hard on a rigid wall → No work done on the object
  5. 5. 100
  6. 6. 1 — A wheel with a rope over it
  7. 7. 90
  8. 8. a) None, because the wall did not move

Sound waves

  1. 1. 50
  2. 2. 1. The bell is rung inside the jar and heard clearly 2. Air is pumped out and the sound grows fainter 3. At near vacuum the bell can be seen ringing but barely heard 4. Air is let back in and the sound returns to its old loudness
  3. 3. 300
  4. 4. b) Energy carried by the sound wave
  5. 5. Below 20 hertz → Infrasonic; Waves used to detect earthquakes and volcanic eruptions → Infrasonic; Between 20 hertz and 20 kilohertz → Audible to humans; Above 20 kilohertz → Ultrasonic; Waves used to image internal organs without surgery → Ultrasonic; Bursts a bat sends out to find its prey → Ultrasonic
  6. 6. 102
  7. 7. b) Reverberation, from repeated reflections arriving less than 0.05 s apart
  8. 8. d) Its amplitude is larger, so it carries more energy

Year 10 Science · www.arenapublications.com/learn